How did Bill Gates became successful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How did Bill Gates became successful - Essay Example â€Å"Bill Gates: Profile of a Digital Entrepreneur†). Bill Gates was born in an upper-middle class family of Seattle on 28th October, 1955. His father was a reputed lawyer in the town and his mother being one of the Board of Directors in the Interstate Bank of Seattle, played a vital role in many other significant and dominant institutions of the then society. Being monetarily and psychologically quite secured, Bill Gates developed his interest towards technology and especially computers. Gradually he became passionate about developing software which later emerged as a significant reason for his friendship with Paul Allen who afterward was recognized as his companion in personal as well as professional life. At an early age of only 13 years, Bill Gates and his companion Paul Allen were encouraged by the Computer Centre Corporation for the development of advanced software languages (Lockwood, B. â€Å"Bill Gates: Profile of a Digital Entrepreneur†). In his later years, Bill Gates improved his competitiveness. It was during this course of time that Bill Gates depicted his enthusiasm and early entrepreneurial skills supported with his desire for complete power to control. It is worth mentioning that his competitiveness and strong desire to innovate as well as to control the world of technology at a very early age, followed by a few denials along with supports and several arguments led to the recognition of the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation (Guth, â€Å"Raising Bill Gates†). Bill Gates is currently known as one of the wealthiest peoples in the world, an excellent software titan, the co-founder and present CEO of the multinational information technology giant company, Microsoft Incorporation. He is also an investor, author and philanthropist in his personal life. Many people may consider this as the success of Bill Gates. However, from an in-depth perspective, it is unequivocally observable that the main achievement of Bill

Describe in detail the set of religious observances known as the Five Essay

Describe in detail the set of religious observances known as the Five Pillars of Islam - Essay Example The five pillars of Islam form the foundation of worship and dedication to the Islamic faith. They are: Shahada, Salat, Sawm, Zakat and Hajj (Ellwood, & McGraw, 2009). Shahadah is a statement of belief that professes monotheism and acceptance of Muhammad as the messenger of God (Allah) (Ellwood, & McGraw, 2009). The creed is customarily recited in Arabic during each call to prayer (Azaan) and when one wishes to convert to Islam. It is also believed that one should also recite the creed when they are about to die. Salat describes the obligatory set of prayers that each Muslim should partake in daily. It consists of five prayers that should be recited each day as defined by the Sunna (Hedayetullah, 2006). The first prayer is the Fajr that is performed at dawn just before the sunrise. The second prayer is the Dhuhr and is performed at noon after the sun has passed its apex. The third prayer is the Ê ¿Aá ¹ £r that is performed in the afternoon before the sun sets. The forth prayer is the Maghrib which is performed in the evening after the sun sets. The final prayer is the Isha which is performed at night. Each of these prayers comprises of a set amount of rakaÊ ¿Ã„ t (prescribed words and movements). All of the prayers are performed while facing the Islamic holy city of Mecca. Before each prayer, Muslims must partake in Wudu (Cleansing), achieved by washing themselves. The third pillar of Islam is fasting (Sawm). According to the Quran, there are three types of fasting that Muslims should partake in. During the month of Ramadan, all Muslims have to partake in ritual fasting. This type of fasting is mandatory and followers of Islam have to refrain from eating, drinking and other worldly pleasures from dawn to dusk during the whole period (Khan, 2006). They are also expected to be particularly attentive of other sins. The other two types of fasting are as compensation to penance and abstinent fasting. Sawm allows believers to

GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Professional Networks

GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Professional Networks GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Large-Scale Professional Networks Dr. M. Rajasekhara, Babu B. V. Arunragavan Abstract Impact Maximization means to discover the top-K fascinating people to expand the impact spread inside a professional networks, which remains important yet difficult issue. Turned out to be NP-hard, the impact expansion issue pulls in gigantic studies. In spite of the fact that there exist fundamental eager calculations which may give great close estimation to ideal result, the ill effects of low computational proficiency and unnecessarily long execution time, restricting the application to substantial scale informal communities. In this paper, to quicken the impact boost by leveraging the parallel transforming ability of design handling unit (GPU). The enhancement of the current greedy calculations and outline a base up traversal calculation with GPU usage, which contains inbuilt parallelism. To best fit the proposed impact expansion calculation with the GPU construction modeling, we further create a versatile K-level mix technique to amplify the parallelism and redesign the impact c hart to minimize the potential disparity. We do far reaching explores different avenues regarding both certifiable and professional network follows and show that with IMGPU model. KEY WORDS: Index Terms—Impact maximization, GPU, large-scale professional networks, IMGPU, bottom-up traversal algorithm. INTRODUCTION: The organizations, for example, linkedIN, visualCV and meetup play a critical part as productive media for quick spreading data, thoughts, and impact among gigantic population, and such impact has been significantly amplified with the quick increment of online clients. The organizations present extraordinary open doors for expansive scale viral advertising, a showcasing methodology that advances items through verbal impacts. While the force of professional systems has been investigated more to amplify the profit of viral showcasing, it gets to be crucial to understand how we can amplify the impact over the interpersonal organization. This issue, alluded to as impact amplification, is to choose inside a given interpersonal organization a little set of compelling people as beginning clients such that the normal number of affected clients, called impact spread, is expanded. The impact amplification issue is intriguing yet testing. Tis is turned out to be NP-hard and proposed a fundamental eager calculation that gives great rough guess to the ideal result. On the other hand, their methodology is genuinely restricted in productivity since it needs to run Monte-Carlo reproduction for extensively long time period to ensure a precise gauge. Despite the fact that various progressive deliberations have been made to enhance the proficiency, condition of-the-craftsmanship methodologies still experience the ill effects of unreasonably long execution time because of the high-computational intricacy for large scale informal communities. Then again, representation preparing unit (GPU) has as of late been generally utilized as an issue broadly useful figuring gadget and indicated guaranteeing potential in quickening reckoning of chart issues. In this manner, The utilization of GPU to quicken the processing of the impact boost issue. Then again, the parallel handling ability of GPU can be completely misused in taking care of assignments with normal information access design. Sadly, the chart structures of generally real world organizations are very discontinuous, making GPU increasing speed a nontrivial assignment extreme execution debasement. The primary difficulties of full GPU quickening lie in the accompanying viewpoints. In the first place, the parallelism of impact spread calculation for every conceivable seed set is restricted by the quantity of hubs at each one level. Consequently, the computational force of GPU cant be completely misused on the off chance that we specifically outline issue to GPU for quickening. Second, as the level of hubs in generally social organizes essentially take after a force law dispersion, serious disparity between GPU strings will happen amid impact spread processing, genuinely corrupting the generally execution. Third, because of the unpredictable nature of true professional network, the memory gets to show poor spatial area, making it hard to fit the GPU computational model. To address the above difficulties, we propose a Gpu accelerated impact expansion skeleton, IMGPU, which goes for completely leveraging the parallel preparing ability of GPU. We first change over the social chart into a regulated non-cyclic chart (DAG) to evade excess count. At that point a Bottom-up traversal calculation (BUTA) is outlined and mapped to GPU with CUDA programming model. Our methodology gives generous change to the current successive methodologies by exploiting the inalienable parallelism in handling hubs inside a informal community. In light of the gimmick of the impact augmentation issue, we propose a set of versatile systems to investigate the most extreme limit of GPU and upgrade the execution of IMGPU. Specifically, we create a versatile K-level blend strategy to augment the parallelism among GPU strings. In the interim, we redesign the chart by level and degree conveyance to minimize the potential uniqueness and blend the memory access to the most extreme degree. We direct broad explores different avenues regarding both true and manufactured social system follows. Contrasted and the condition of-the-workmanship calculation Mixgreedy, IMGPU attains up to 60 speedup in the execution time and has the capacity scale up to remarkably huge scale systems which were never expected with the current consecutive methodologies. As an issue, the commitments of this paper are predominantly twofold. First and foremost, we show BUTA, a proficient base up traversal calculation which contains inborn parallelism for the impact boost issue. The BUTA to GPU building design to adventure the parallel transforming ability of GPU. Second, to best fit the GPU computational model, we propose a few viable streamlining systems to expand the parallelism, evade potential uniqueness, and blend memory access. The rest of this paper is composed as takes after: Area 2 gives preliminaries on impact expansion furthermore surveys related work. The IMGPU structure and relating GPU improvements are introduced in Section 3 furthermore Section 4, individually. We assess the IMGPU plan by far reaching tests and report the exploratory brings about Section 5. 2. PRELIMINARIES AND RELATED WORK In this segment, we introduce preparatory prologue to influence maximization, and survey related work. In influence maximization, an on-line informal organization is demonstrated as an issue graph G =(V,E,W), where V= {v1,v2,v3 ) speaks to the set of nodes in the graph, each of which relates to an individual client. Every node can be either dynamic or idle, and will change from being idle to being dynamic on the off chance that it is influenced by others nodes. E V  V is a situated of directed edges speaking to the relationship between diverse clients. Take Linked-In as an illustration. A directed edge will be secured from node vi to vj , if vi is trailed by vj , shows that v j is open to get tweets from vi , and therefore may be influenced by vi . G =(V,E,W), where V= {v1,v2,v3 ) is the weight of every node which shows its commitment to the influence spread. The weight 137 is instated as 1 for every node, implying that if this node is influenced by different nodes, its commitm ent to the influence spread is 1. The span of node set is n, and the quantity of edges is m. Node vi is known as a sink on the off chance that its out-degree is 0, and called a source on the off chance that its in-degree is 0. The independent cascade (IC) model is one of the most decently mulled over dispersion models. Given a beginning set S, the dissemination procedure of IC model unfolds as takes after: At step 0, just nodes in S are dynamic, while different nodes stay in the inert state. At step t, for every node vi which has recently changed from being inert to being dynamic, it has a solitary opportunity to enact every at present dormant neighbor v w , and succeeds with a likelihood . In the event that vi succeeds, v and w will get to be dynamic at step . In the event that v w has numerous recently initiated neighbours, their endeavours in actuating v w are sequenced in a subjective request. Such a procedure runs until no more actuations are conceivable We utilize to mean the influence spread of the introductor y set S, which is characterized as the normal number of dynamic nodes toward the end of influence proliferation. Given a graph G =(V,E,W) and a parameter K, the influence maximization issue in the IC model is to choose a subset of persuasive nodes S V of size K such that the influence spread is augmented toward the end of influence dissemination process. We proposed Mixgreedy that diminishes the computational many-sided quality by registering the minor influence spread for every node G =(V,E,W) in one single reenactment. Mixgreedy first figures out if an edge would be chosen for engendering or not with a given likelihood. At that point all the edges not chose are evacuated to structure another graph G =(V,E,W) . With this treatment, the negligible addition from adding node vi to S is the quantity of nodes that are reachable from vi , however inaccessible from all the nodes in S. To process the influence spread for every node, a fundamental execution is doing BFS for all verticess which takes O(m,n) MixGreedy incorporates Cohen’s randomized algorithm for estimating the marginal influence spread for each node, and afterward selects the node that offers the maximal influence spread. Embracing the above streamlining methods, MixGreedy can run much faster. In any case, the change is not sufficiently viable to lessen execution time to an adequate range especially for huge scale professional networks. In addition, Cohens algorithm provides no precision ensure. 3 IMGPU FRAMEWORK Here, we depict the IMGPU framework that empowers GPU-accelerated processing of influence maximization. Initially, we create BUTA that can exploit intrinsic parallelism and adequately lessen the complexity with guaranteed accuracy. 3.1BOTTOM-UP TRAVERSAL ALGORITHM We can get another graph from the original graph after haphazardly selecting edges from G. As opposed to doing BFS for every node which is noticeably wasteful, we can find that the negligible impact calculation of every node just depends on its child node; subsequently, we could get the impact spreads for all the node by crossing the diagram just once in a bottom-up way. The level of a node vi, is: We initially change over the graph to a DAG to keep away from repetitive computation and potential deadlock. Fig. 1.Bottom-up traversal. Fig. 2.Relation of nodes. Algorithm 2 displays the points of interest of BUTA, where R signifies the quantity of Monte-Carlo simulations. In each round of recreation, the graph is initially reproduced by selecting edges at a given likelihood and changing over into a DAG Then we begin the bottom up traversal level by level We utilize the in parallel build to demonstrate the codes that can be executed in parallel by GPU. Impact spreads of all hubs at the same level can be ascertained in parallel and the mark of every hub is then decided for future cover reckoning. After R rounds of reenactment, the hub giving the maximal negligible increase will be chosen and added to the set S. Fig. 3. Graph data representation. The advantages of BUTA is that we can enormously decrease the time and BUTA can promise preferred accuracy over Mixgreedy as we precisely figure impact spread for every node while Mixgreedy approximates them from Cohens calculation. 3.2BASELINE GPU IMPLEMENTATION In this area, we first depict the graph data structure utilized as a part of this work, and afterward discuss about the baseline implementation of IMGPU in point of interest. 3.2.1 DATA REPRESENTATION To execute IMGPU over the GPU structural planning, the customary nearness lattice representation is not a decent decision particularly for large-scale social networks. The reasons are. First and foremost, it costs memory space which altogether confines the span of informal community that can be taken care of by GPU. Second, the dormancy of information exchange from host to gadget and worldwide memory access is high, corrupting the general execution. Therefore, we utilize the compressed sparse row (CSR) format which is generally utilizedfor scanty framework representation 3.2.2 BASELINE IMPLEMENTATION The graph information is initially exchanged to the global memory of GPU. At that point, we allocate one string for every node to run the impact spread computation kerne. The impact spread processing bit meets expectations iteratively by level. Along these lines, the parallel handling ability of GPU is abused for impact maximization acceleration. 4 GPU-ORIENTED OPTIMIZATION In this area, we analyze figures that influence the execution of benchmark GPU usage and give viable improvements to accomplish better performance. 4.1DATA REORGANIZATION BUTA executes level by level in a bottomup manner. Strings in a twist are in charge of preparing diverse node. Then again, because of the SIMT peculiarity of GPU, strings in a warp execute the same direction at each one clock cycle. Subsequently, if strings in a twist are appointed to process hubs at distinctive levels, uniqueness will happen and affect diverse execution ways, which will essentially degrade the execution. Likewise, amid BUTA execution, strings need to acquire the visit data and the impact spreads of their child nodes. As the degrees of hubs in genuine informal communities principally take after a force law dissemination, there may exist incredible difference between the level of distinctive nodes. Such dissimilarity will seriously lessen the usage of GPU centers and corrupt the execution. To address these issues, we revamp the graph by presorting the graph, with the motivation behind making strings in a warp process nodes that are at the same level and with comparable degree however much as could reasonably be expected. 4.2ADAPTIVE K-LEVEL COMBINATION Baseline IMGPU usage computes impact spreads of node from bottom up by level, and subsequently its parallelism is restricted by the quantity of node at each one level. We can advantage more if there are sufficient node having a place with the same level to be handled, overall the parallel preparing capacity of GPU would be underexploited. For most cases, there is satisfactory parallelism to adventure since this present reality interpersonal organization is normally of vast scale. Notwithstanding, there do exist some specific levels which just contain a little number of node because of the intrinsic graph irregularity of social networks. 4.3MEMORY ACCESS COALESCENCE When we register the impact spread of a node, the string needs to get to the impact spreads of all the youngster node. Accordingly, for node with substantial degree, this will bring about countless gets to which will take long execution time. Such node, however representing a little rate of the whole graph, generously exist in a lot of people genuine social networks. 5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP In our experiments, we use traces professional networks of distinctive scales and diverse types, like LinkedIn We look at IMGPU and its advancement version IMGPU_O with the two existing eager algorithms and two heuristic algorithms, and Mixgreedy , ESMCE , PMIA, and Arbitrary. In addition, we also execute a CPU- based version of BUTA, alluded to as BUTA_CPU, to assess the execution of BUTA and the impact of parallelization. The itemized description of the information sets whats more algorithms can be found in which is accessible in the on-line supplemental material. 6 CONCLUSION In this paper, we present IMGPU, a novel structure that accelerates influence maximization for professional network in-order to spread the job notification by exploiting GPU. Specifically, we design a bottom up traversal algorithm, BUTA, which significantly reduces the computational unpredictability and contains inalienable parallelism. To adaptively fit BUTA with the GPU building design, we also investigate three viable optimizations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IMGPU significantly reduces the execution time of the existing sequential influence maximization algorithm while keeping up satisfying influence spread. REFERENCES [1] D. Bader and K. Madduri, â€Å"GTgraph: A Suite of Synthetic GraphGenerators,† http://www.cse.psu.edu/madduri/software/GTgraph/, Nov. 2012. [2] W. Chen, Y. Wang, and S. Yang, â€Å"Efficient Influence Maximizationin Social Networks,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery andData Mining (SIGKDD), pp. 199-208, 2009. [3] W. Chen, C. Wang, and Y. Wang, â€Å"Scalable Influence Maximiza-tion for Prevalent Viral Marketing in Large-Scale Social Net-works,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining(SIGKDD), pp. 1029-1038, 2010. [4] N. Bell and M. Garland, â€Å"Efficient Sparse Matrix-Vector Multi-plication on CUDA,† Technical Report NVR-2008-04, NVIDIA,Dec. 2008. [5] E. Cohen, â€Å"Size-Estimation Framework with Applications toTransitive Closure and Reachability,† J. Computer and SystemSciences, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 441-453, 1997. [6] P. Domingos and M. Richardson, â€Å"Mining the Network Value ofCustomers,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery and DataMining (SIGKDD), pp. 57-66, 2001. [7] J. Barnat, P. Bauch, L. Brim, and M. Ceska, â€Å"ComputingStrongly Connected Components in Parallel on CUDA,† Proc.IEEE 25th Int’l Parallel Distributed Processing Symp. (IPDPS), pp.544-555, 2011.

The Loss of a Life Partner Essay -- Relationships Grief Death Love Ess

The Loss of a Life Partner Introduction Feelings of loss are very personal because only the person involved in the loss knows what is significant to them. People commonly associate certain losses with strong feelings of grief. The solitude is always agonizing, especially for someone who has never lived alone. Many people lose their spouses each year. Because the modern society has few mourning rituals other than the memorial service, they may find themselves alone and disconsolate just when they are most in need of comfort. Different Kinds of Loss Loss of one’s partner can be due to various reasons including:  · Death of a partner/Bereavement  · Serious or dilapidating illness of a loved one If you—or your loved one—has become sick or injured, expect a number of physical, emotional and financial changes in your life. Coping with these changes can be very difficbrt, even overwhelming at times, but the following strategies may help:  · Relationship breakup/Separation Relationship breakup. This involves losing a partner from a problematic relationship. Although it might seem easier to lose a partner when the relationship has been difficult or unsatisfying, the feelings of dissatisfaction can make the survivor vulnerable to guilt and second thoughts. When he/she remembers the best times of the relationship, self-blame can convince the individual that if he/she had done things differently, they could have had good times. The grief then can be colored easily by regret and guilt. If the survivor's friends and family are aware of the difficulties in the relationship, they may expect the person to quickly move on and they may not support her process of grieving. We have a cultural prohibition about speaking ill of the dead. Because of this prohibition, the survivor may find no opportunity to talk about the different aspects of her experience because only the positive aspects are acceptable. Also, if she wants to begin a new relationship, she may have difficulty cultivating a positive identity as a partner because of the negative experiences with her lost partner. Bereavement Bereavement triggers a normal, natural, healthy process that often leaves the victim/bereaved partner feeling far from normal, natural and healthy. Indeed it can leave you feeling quite mad, suicidal, or even like harming others. Feeling like it for a period of time is one... ...u can. Something as simple as a home-cooked casserole or cookies is not only helpful, but it also lets people know that you care about them.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Help a bereaved person to make plans for getting through special occasions such as the first Christmas without his or her spouse. The anniversary of a loss, either a death or divorce, is an especially sad time.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not try to minimize grief  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Talk about your own losses There's no question about it that loss is a necessary and painful part of life. But perhaps what matters most is that there are ways in which those who love you can help you say good-bye, and deal with loss. It is very difficult to think about what do when you are experiencing a loss, or want to help someone else who is. Often, even trying to make sense of loss is a daunting task for a person to do alone. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fisher, Bruce. Rebuilding: When Your Relationship Ends. Impact Publishers, 1990. Kilne, S. Nathan, MD. From Sad to Glad. G. P Putnam’s Sons. Toronto. 1994 Shaw, Eva. What to do when a Love One Dies: A Practical and Compassionate Guide to Dealing with Death on Life’s Terms. Dickens Press, California. 1994

19th Century American Imperialism & 20th Century War Essay

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan couldn’t have said it any better, â€Å"No nation had ever become great without control of foreign markets and access to the natural resources of foreign countries† (Kinzer 33). Throughout the years, America has had an astonishing obsession with the idea of global imperialism. One can’t help but ask the following question: what sparked this sudden obsession with global imperialism? Even though there are many different factors that helped spark this sudden movement, the biggest single factor was the industrialization of the world’s major industrialist societies, such as England, United States, Japan, and Germany. The sudden explosion of industrialization sparked a huge consumption of the earth’s natural resources, and initiated the need for expansion. Throughout the late 19th century up until today, America has approached global imperialism in a number of different ways. Methods such as deception, intimidation, fear, and violence have all been used throughout the American conquest in order to expand this imperialistic society. America had to start expanding and had to take over weaker countries. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay Americans had to look to faraway countries, weak countries, countries that had large markets and rich resources but had not yet fallen under the sway of any great power† (Kinzer 34). This paper will primarily focus on the reasoning provided by Kinzer’s book Overthrow. America has become the imperialistic society it is today because of the rapid 19th century industrialization and the constant American hunger for natural resources, territory, and global domination. â€Å"Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country demands it† (Kinzer 33). During the late 19th century, America enjoyed a successful conquest of Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines, and Nicaragua. Hawaii, which has always embraced a history of tradition and culture, was faced with the issue of modernization. Throughout the years, Hawaii had slowly started to fall under white control. Hawaii has always been a huge producer of sugar, with one problem. The major market for sugar was in the United States, but the Hawaiians could not export as much as they would like because of the high tariffs imposed on imported sugar in the States. When the reciprocity treaty as signed in the summer of 1876, Americans started installing military and commercial bases in Hawaii. The renewed treaty however was what really displayed that Hawaii was falling under white influence. The renewed treaty gave United States control of Pearl Harbor, an extremely fine natural port. On January 14th 1893, Queen Liliuokalani made a disturbing announcement to her cabinet. She proclaimed a new constitution which stated only Hawaiian citizens had the right to vote. This meant that the Hawaiian population of Americans would no longer be able to vote. This move gave Lorrin Thurston and John Colburn the reason they needed to initiate the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, which would mark America’s first overthrow of a foreign government. The alarmed Thurston quickly wrote a letter to John L. Stevens, requesting military assistance for the overthrow of the queen’s regime. Soon after, on July 4th 1894, the Republic of Hawaii was proclaimed. During the Spanish colonization of Cuba in 1897, William McKinley was sworn in as president of the United States. McKinley did not like the idea of the Spanish in Cuba. However when talking about McKinley, Kinzer states â€Å"William McKinley believed that a self-governed Cuba would pose an extreme threat to the United States, for they might not do Washington’s bidding† (Kinzer 35). After all, the revolutionary leaders in Cuba were already talking about the social reforms and land redistribution they wanted to initiate. This greatly alarmed many American businessmen, for over $50 million was invested primarily in Cuba’s agriculture. McKinley had finally had enough and had decided it was time to use military force to end the Spanish regime in Cuba. On April 25th 1898, the Spanish-American War had officially begun. After the Spanish surrender, America started to kill Cuba’s dream of independence. In the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain gave up all rights to Cuba, surrendered Puerto Rico and Guam, and sold Philippines for $20 million to the United States. The Platt Amendment gave the US some economic and military control of Cuba. McKinley initially only wanted to build a naval base at Manila, Philippines. Later however, he decided he would embark on a journey of Christianizing the country. This was unnecessary however, for most Filipinos were already Catholic. On June 2nd 1899, the official Philippine-American War started. The United States would win the war, and dissolute the First Philippine Republic. At this point, the United States had obtained, by force, full sovereignty over the Philippines. With Cuba, Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico under its belt, America now had access to a wide array of natural resources and an assortment of markets. However, the conquest would not end there. In order for one to understand the takeover of Nicaragua, one must understand Central America in the late 19th century. The late 19th century proved to be a strong idealistic era for Central America. Ideas of both social and political reforms were sweeping many Central nations, ideas inspired by European philosophers. These ideas were absolutely despised by the American government, for these ideas called for change. These ideas were admired by Central Americans because they all desired change. Jose Santos Zelaya became president of Nicaragua in 1893. He adopted many revolutionary changes, such as importing the automobile and legalizing civil marriage. He also had a very strong emphasis on building and expanding the country’s infrastructure. At first Zelaya and America were on good terms, for there have been talks of building a canal through Nicaragua. Later however, Panama was chosen as the building site, temporarily ending American interest in Nicaragua. As historian John Ellis wrote â€Å"To the State Department, Nicaragua was no longer a country that needed to be coddled or cared for in preparation for future usefulness, rather, it was not a country that needed to be watched carefully and kept in line† (Kinzer 60). A very strong nationalist, Zelaya was giving some of the American business based in his country trouble, which didn’t appeal to the United States secretary of state Philander Knox. What angered Knox even more was that Zelaya went to European banks to borrow money for his railroad project, not American banks. This showed the Taft administration that Nicaragua was trying not to depend on the States as much as they used to, which of course cause congressional panic. After much trouble from Knox, Zelaya finally resigned in 1909. After the brief command of Jose Madriz, Juan Jose Estrada took over the country, and the new conservative government was much admired and supported by the United States. Estrada’s coming to power marks the conquest of Nicaragua, because of America’s strong influence on Estrada’s regime. As demonstrated, the United States has always obtained a hostile approach regarding takeovers and conquest. The first overthrow took place in Hawaii where the queen was relieved of her position. Cuba was later obtained from Spain with the help of brute force and intimidation. Philippines and Puerto Rico were also obtained in the same fashion. Nicaragua’s government fell victim to an American sponsored coup, and their government was taken over by the Americans. It seems like there has always been a recurring pattern throughout American history. If you try to stand up to the US government, you will go down. If you operate your country in a way that doesn’t appeal to the US government, you’re going down. If you just happen to be doing good for your country, there’s still a good chance you’re still going down. America has always been that big bully that beats on the little kids at school, because they are just too weak to defend themselves. America throughout the 19th century was a product of a heavily industrialized society, a society that must rely on domination of other markets and other countries’ resources in order to keep expanding and thriving.

Broken Families Essay

Introduction Family is the basic unit of society. This is the most important component of a country. †The family is one of nature’s masterpieces.† (Santayana) 2012. Governance will only be effective if the citizens are properly oriented with good values and virtues, which is commonly taught by the family. †Marriage is the agreement to let a family happen.† (Wylie) 2012.A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated to the word ‘house’ but a house is more appropriately referring to the material structure, whereas ‘home’ refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their offspring, or the family. A home where good values and virtues are commonly taught by the family. Aside from providing an environment conducive to physical growth and health, the family must also create an atmosphere that would influence the cognitive and psychological growth of its member. If the needs of the individual family members are met, the other members are able to reach out to others in the family, the community, and society as a whole. However, no matter how happy a family in the terms of their relationship, there are still hardships and misunderstandings that will come along the way. It is just part of any relationship anyway. But, the sad part is when one of the family members gave up and the others have no choice but to accept and let go. Thus, the family starts to be broken, varies from numerous reasons why it had to be that way. But usually, misunderstanding starts from simple domestic quarrel that grows impertinently damaging the  long-forged relationship between the family members. When a couple split up, it is the children that are greatly affected scarring them physically, emotionally and socially. The most common dispute between a husband and a wife is the financial matter. This is rooted when the father, which should be the provider for the family, can’t give enough money for the sustenance of the whole family. A vice that cannot be given up may be associated with this. Single parenting or broken family is a very important social issue that can have significant effects on a child’s academic performance. Children who are raised in a single family home are at risk of not reaching their full potential. Broken homes are experienced by some of the students not only with those in poverty line families but same goes to middle and higher class families. Parents chose to live separately regardless how their children feel and its impact to their lives, however, there are still parents in spite of the situation still supports and care of their children in their studies, and others. The academic performance of children from broken home is often adversely affected, as well as the stress of inadequate financial resources. Children from broken home household are disadvantaged. Some of them do not go to school; those who do may attend low quality schools, with low academic performance. Some of them may drop out of school prematurely. The caring power of single parent may determine the length of schooling of child in the broken home family. The girls are more likely to become teen mothers while still in school. In most broken homes, the children are generally disadvantaged because they are generally regarded as being deprived academically, economically, socially and culturally. Their environment is not conducive to learning and in which education is not adequate. Most of the affected individuals are persons from low income areas in which unskilled employment, poor living conditions prevails. All these have negative impact in the academic performance of the pupils. Pupils in broken  home families always have deficit. As a result of loss one parent, these children suffer psychological problems. Background of the study The family is the child’s first place of contact with the world. The child as a result, acquires initial education and socialization from parents and other significant persons in the family. Agulana (1999) pointed out that the family lays the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. Structurally, family/homes is either broken or intact. A broken home in this context, is one that is not structurally intact, as a result of divorce, separation, death of one parent and illegitimacy. According to Frazer (2001), psychological home conditions arise mainly from illegitimacy of children, the label of adopted child, broken home, divorce and parental deprivation. Such abnormal conditions of the home, are likely to have a detrimental effect on school performance of the child he asserts. Life, in a single parent family or broken home can be stressful for both the child and the parent. Such families are faced with challenges of inadequate financial resources (children defense fund, 1994). Schultz (2006) noted that if adolescents from unstable homes are to be compared with those from stable homes, it would be seen that the former have more social, academic and emotional problems. Scales and Roehlkepartain (2003), are of the opinion that the family and its structure play a great role in children’s academic performance. Levin (2001), also states that parents are probably the actors with the clearest undimentional interest in a high level of their children’s academic performance. To some extent, there is simple evidence to show that marital instability brings about stress, tension, lack of motivation and frustration. Obviously, these manifestations act negatively on a child’s academic performance. Johnson (2005) asserts that children of unmarried parents/separated families often fail and are at risk emotionally. However, this may not be completely applicable in all instances of broken homes. Some children irrespective of home background or structure may work hard and become successful in life. Moreover, Ayodele (2006) stated that the  environment where a child finds himself/herself goes a long way in determining his learning ability and ultimately his academic performance. It is worthy to note that majority of high school students in the country who got poor or failing grades in their academic subjects came from broken homes. Some of them as we saw were not just having poor academic performance but instead they let themselves be retained at their year level after dropping-out their respective subjects. It is timely to identify or to determine if students in high school who came from broken homes are greatly affected in their academic classes. Difficult start: Children raised by a single parent are more likely to suffer distress. The research adds to a wealth of data that shows children suffer badly from divorce or parental break-up, and that those brought up by a single parent are more likely to do badly at school, suffer poor health, and fall into crime, addiction and poverty as adults. The report, funded by the Department of Health and published by the Office for National Statistics, investigated emotional disorders – ranked as those which cause considerable distress and interference with the way in which children perform at school and during play. It also looked at conduct disorders which result in aggressive, violent or anti-social behavior. The researchers studied nearly 8,000 children aged between five and 16 in 2004 and found almost one in ten had disorders. The children were checked again last year. The report said that a child whose parents had split during this time was more than four and a half times more likely to have developed an emotional disorder than one whose parents stayed together. They were nearly three times more likely to exhibit a conduct disorder. Eleven per cent of those children whose families broke up had emotional disorders, against 3 per cent among those whose families were still together. Nearly a third of children found to have mental disorders in 2004 still suffered from them three years later. The Department of Health said: ‘The Government is committed to helping children and young people experiencing mental health problems.’ ‘Broken families and serial fathers produce homes full of conflict and chaos and they are terrible for children.’ Llano High School as one of the public schools in Caloocan City is a school where many students are products of broken homes. As to what extent the effect of their family condition to their academic performance and what adjustment strategies they employ is the premise of this study. Thus the researcher aims that the result of this study may become basis for crafting a guidance program to promote better adjustment strategies for students from broken homes. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the correlation between the academic performance and adjustment strategies of students from broken homes in Llano High School, Division of City Schools, Caloocan City. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1gender, 1.2age 1.3size of the family 1.4guardian whom he/she stays with, and 1.5cause/s of parents’ separation? 2.To what extent do the student respondents encounter difficulties in the following areas: 2.1academic performance, 2.2interpersonal relationship, 2.3socio-economic status, and 2.4personality development? 3.What adjustment strategies do the respondents employ in addressing the difficulties they encounter in the aforementioned areas? 4.What is the level of academic performance of the student respondents based on their previous G.W.A.? 5.Is there a significant relationship between the level of academic performance and the identified adjustment strategies of the respondents? 6.What guidance program may be proposed to promote better adjustment strategies of the students from broken homes? BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Books Marquardt, Elizabeth. â€Å"Between Two Worlds â€Å"The Inner Lives of Children of Divorce 2005 B. Journals/Magazines Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, Year 2010/ Volume 7 / Issue 3 / Page no. 240-243 C. Unpublished Materials Ijeoma, Alika Henrietta and Samson Edosa Ogboro, Relationship between Broken Homes and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria June 2012 Sawadjaan, Glaiza M. Broken Family: Its Effect in the Academic Performance of the Selected College Students of Laguna State Polytechnic University D. Electronic/Online Sources Family Structure and Children’s Educational Outcomes: LifeSiteNews.com January 2006, http//www.americanvalues.org/briefs/edoutcomes.htm Causes of Broken Homes, http://primenet.hubpages.com/hub/Causes-of-Broke-Homes Divorce Study Breaks New Ground, Gallagher, Maggie, October, 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005 Single Parent Households and Childhood Academic Achievement, Jones Katherine 2007, http://voices.yahoo.com/single-parent-household-academic-achievement-524122.html Children of Divorce: Psychological, Psychiatric, Behavioral Problems and Suicide http://www.divorcereform.org/psy.html Broken Home Children are ‘Five times More Likely to Suffer Mental Troubles’, Doughty, Steve, Updated 21 October 2008 Academic Performance of Students Coming from Broken Homes, Namz0810’s, http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Academic-Perfomance-Of-Students-Coming-From/47316 Mending a Broken Home, Billy Graham, June 21, 20012 http://www.oppapers.com/essay/Broken-Family/737897 http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Academic-Performance-Of-Students-Coming-From/47316 http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-297135944/relationship-between-broken-homes -and-acedemic-achievement http://www.oppapers.com/essays/The-Psychological-Effects-On-The-Emotional/843277 http://gomestic.com/family/the-effect-of-broken-home-on-the-acedmic-performance-of-pupils/ Queltin.http://www.oppapers.com/course-notes/Factors-Related-To-The-Academic Performance/940078 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic achievement Millienor D. Tapia August 2012. http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Broken-Family/1068740 Iowa State Study Says Most Children Recover From Divorce Adjustment Problems 2012,http://www.divorcereform.org/psy.html Michael J.McManus, President Marriage Savers, http://www.marriagesavers.org

List of Death Quotations From Shakespeare

List of Death Quotations From Shakespeare Shakespeares tragedies have some deeply moving death-quotes. His quotations on death bring tears rolling down the cheeks. The sadness in the quotes moves you so much that you feel as though you have experienced a great loss. Here is a page of some of Shakespeares most moving death quotes. A Midsummer Nights Dream, Act V, Sc. IThis passion, and the death of a dear  friend, would go near to make a man look sad.Hamlet, Act V, Sc. IIThis fell sergeant, death,Is strict in his arrest.Hamlet, Act II, Sc. IIThey are the abstract and brief chronicles of the time: after your death, you were better have a bad epitaph than their ill report while you live. Hamlet,  Act III, Sc. I For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. Julius Caesar, Act II, Sc. IICowards die many times before their deaths;The valiant never taste of death but once.Julius Caesar,​ Act II, Sc. IIWhen beggars die, there are no comets seen;The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.King Henry IV. Part II, Act I, Sc. III were better to be eaten to death with a rust than to be scoured to nothing with perpetual motion.Macbeth, Act V, Sc. VTo-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,To the last syllable of recorded time;And all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!Lifes but a walking shadow.Macbeth, Act V, Sc. VIThose clamorous harbingers of blood and death.Othello, Act II, Sc. IIf after every tempest come such calms,May the winds blow till they have wakend death!The Merchant of Venice, Act IV, Sc. II am a tainted wether of the flock,Meetest for death: the weakest kind of fruitDrops earliest to the ground. Twelfth Night, Act III, Sc. IVOut of the jaws of death. Measure for Measure,   Act III, Sc. 1  If I must dieI will encounter darkness as a bride,And hug it in mine arms. Richard II, Act III, Sc. IIWoe, destruction, ruin, and decay;The worst is death, and death will have his day. Romeo and Juliet,  Act V, Sc. IIIEyes, look your last!Arms, take your last embrace! and lips, O youThe doors of breath, seal with a righteous kissA dateless bargain to engrossing death. Cymbeline,   Act IV, Sc. 2Golden lads and girls all must,As chimney-sweepers, come to dust. Henry VI, Part III, Act V, Sc. 2My sick heart showsThat I must yield my body to the earth,And, by my fall, the conquest to my foe.Thus yields the cedar to the axes edge,Whose arms gave shelter to the princely eagle;Under whose shade the ramping lion slept:Whose top-branch overpeerd Joves spreading tree,And kept low shrubs from winters powerful wind.

Reform Movements between 1825 and 1850 essays

Reform Movements between 1825 and 1850 essays Reform movements are a key characteristic in the antebellum period. Many groups sought to reform and uplift society in many ways, with many ideals in mind. Most of the antebellum reform movements reflected primarily democratic ideals. The statement Reform movements in the United Stated sought to expand democratic ideals was proven true through the many democratic based reform movements between 1825 and 1850. One powerful and widespread movement in antebellum America is the fight for womens rights. Document C illustrates the feminist view of the womens role being very similar to that of black slaves. Another illustration displaying the role of women is document H wherein the mans drunkenness in the long run affects only the women, represented by the woman crying in the center. She is left to watch the children and the household. At the Seneca Falls convention feminists discussed the womens rights. Many called for the right by women to vote and the equality of women to men. This is formally declared as a purpose of the convention in the Seneca Falls Declaration, Document I. This declares that women are free as man is free, establishing equality and to be represented in the government which expressed their will to vote as an expression of this equality. Although these feminists gained little ground at the time, they set a legacy for future generations. Another democratic ideal expressed in the antebellum period is the ideal of conformity. Brook farm is an outstanding example of a society structure with conformist principals. It was organized based on socialism. As stated in document F, we the undersigned do unite in a voluntary association. It was a society based on every one relying on each other. The story in document E is another example of a call for conformity. The good boy does not think for himself, but relies only on what othe...

Change Detection

Introduction Most people are unaware of the changes in their visual environments until attention is drawn directly to those minor changes. Individuals do not often detect changes because of the lack of attention or insignificance of the change. In order for an individual to notice a change like color, location and identity of an object, attention must somehow be drawn to that object. A general conclusion from this body of work is that attention is necessary for detecting change (Rensink et al. , 1997). Being unable to detect a change in an object is called change blindness. Researchers seem to think that change blindness is the cause of many car accidents. Looking away from a road then looking back is a change that is very difficult to perceive which results in quite a few car accidents. Method In this experiment two pictures were represented in modification for each trial. On half of the trials the two pictures were alike but in the other half the pictures changed in some way. For each pair either the pictures appeared instantly after each other or they flickered. The participants in this study consist of a psychology class in the College of Staten Island. In order to start this experiment, students were asked to sign in to their CogLab accounts. To start the first trial of the change detection experiment, participants were required to press the space bar. One picture will appear after the other. The task in this experiment is to detect whether or not there is a change in the two pictures. If the image changes students press the â€Å"c† key but if the image doesn’t change students press the â€Å"n† key. This test measures our reaction time as well as our ability to detect changes in the pictures. The independent variable in this experiment is was the flicker and no flicker conditions. Two dependent variables were measured which were reaction time and proportion of correct judgments. Reaction time was the time between the appearance of the stimuli and the time that it took participants to make a response. Results It has been predicted that the percentage correct is smaller and the reaction time is slower for the flicker condition the no flicker condition. In the no flicker condition it is easier to identify the change in the picture because the change is almost immediately distinguished. On the other hand, the pictures with the flicker condition, the blank gray leads to changes throughout the picture which results in participants having to look at the picture item by item until the change is noticed. My results show that these predictions are somewhat true. In the flicker condition my reaction time was 11281. 6 ms and the proportion correct of change detected was 0. 625. In the no flicker condition my reaction time was 7667. 143, which is apparently significantly longer than predicted to be, but my proportion correct was . 875 which is slightly greater. Discussion The basic idea of this experiment is that people cannot store many details of a scene in memory. The vital aspect seems to be attention. In order to identify a change in an object, it is necessary to pay attention to that certain object; otherwise no change will be detected. The brain is unable to see a change happening to an element it has not yet stored. Selective attention is a key part in detecting a change in an object, scene or picture. My results for this experiment confirm that divided attention and change detection come hand in hand.

Stages of ego development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stages of ego development - Essay Example One of the main issues that arose between Freud and Adler was whether to define ego development as an ongoing process or a series of separate stages. According to Jane Loevinger (1996), the ego is separated into eight separate stages each bearing their own characteristics. The first stage is the impulsive stage, the stage that young children occupy. At this stage, the child is selfish and self-absorbed while being dependent upon the adult. The second stage is the self-protective stage in which a person is usually seeking opportunities and is manipulative in order to get their own way. The third stage is the conformist stage in which people tend to reform their behavior and are concerned about impressions they make. The next three stages that are the self aware, conscientious, and individualistic stages respectively are a person’s stepping-stones to forming their identity and individual personality. The last two stages which are Autonomous and Integrated occur when a person is satisfied with their position in life and has achieved a distinct identity for him/herself as an individual (Loevinger, 1996). References Hy, L., Loevinger, J. (1996) Measuring Ego Development. Springer. Loevinger, J. (1996). â€Å"The meaning and measurement of Ego Development.† American Psychologist. Volume 21, Issue 2, pp. 195-206.

Dadaism and Surrealism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dadaism and Surrealism - Essay Example The essay "Dadaism and Surrealism" discovers the important art movements, dadaism, and surrealism. Dada that is a means of expression praises nonsense and irrationality and shuts down logic and typical subjects. Ideally, Dada was anti-rational, anti-aesthetic, and anti-idealistic in all its activities. Despite the irrationality, Dada was significant in expressing the horror that spread amongst people during world war I. Dada the result of suppression was also the doorway to one of the greatest movements known as surrealism. A very important factor of surrealism is the essence of juxtapositions. I personally identify juxtaposition as the peak of in-originality, the moment when the perception of art as still framings of landscapes and portraits evolved into a greater means of expression in dada and surrealism. Dada initiated as an international anti-art movement that opposed the way the civilized world appreciated works of art. On the other hand, Surrealism catapulted the anti-art atta cks on rational and 'civilized' standards fostered by Dada. Both Surrealism and Dada work with the concept of chance. Dada’s use of the concept of chance in their art was extensive where he completely surrendered to the concept of chance; it is almost as if they trusted that concept with their precious art. Whether it be assembling certain words and reapplying them as poetry, or by conjoining random pieces of material together to later create a collage by â€Å"chance†, Dada Artists were all for giving up the factor of thought process. for ‘process’ itself. It is almost as though they completely let go after a period of constraint where they applied that action of letting go into their art by leaving it to chance. In fact, the word 'Dada' that ambiguously means 'hobby horse' and 'father' came up by chance and acquired international appreciation due to its nonsensical and childish cycle. The Dadaism artists included Man Ray, Francis Picabia, and Jean Arp. O n the other hand, Max Ernst represented the Surrealist painters. The first step towards Dada was to implement absurd gestures. These gestures would attack the idea of past icons and their masterpieces’ like Marcel Duchamp on Leonardo da Vinci's production, the Mona Lisa. The gesture was simple yet dense with energy that represented irrationality, a simple mustache, and beard drawn on a reproduction of the Mona Lisa. Nevertheless, one aspect of Dada that fascinates me is how the Dadaist dealt with politics. The movement revolted against political powers in favor of society liberties. Moreover, just like Dadaism, Surrealist is equally associated with political statements. Actually, the artists responded to the world they lived in and expressed their discomfort and worry to the current social and political status. More so, majority of the Dadaists and their supporters were involved with and had knowledge of anarchism to some degree. Most significantly, Dada could not have leader s but the movement on the contrary had representatives and spokespersons instead of an actual leader that took upon that role. This was against the concept of Dadaism. Activities relating to Dadaism meant to assure a vehement distraction to art history by scandalizing the works of art (Carlin and Evans 1). The Dadaism movement centers on creating a public unrest. In fact, Dadaist movements emanated from political unrest, unequal resource allocation, class struggle, and confused social roles (Hofmann 1). Hence, a political and social movement aimed at revealing the evils and anarchy in the society. The Dadaism political movement began at the end of World War I in Zurich and New York cities. The movement and its

Essay 6 in one single spaced full page + the identifications

6 in one single spaced full page + the identifications - Essay Example Asians migrated to America many years ago because of galleon trade. American merchants traded with China through Canton port in 19th Century. The Chinese immigrants comprised of 10% population of California and 25% that of Idaho due to attraction from railway construction, mining and fishing industries. Japanese concentrated in farming in California, and their immigration to the United States evolved in 1880s. They lived in ethnic Clusters. Diplomacy of immigration was really concerned with the consequences of keeping some people out and therefore, diplomatic establishment was made in 1924 partially to facilitate immigration. Italian: Before 1850, the Italians immigrants from Mediterranean were widely disbursed but in a small population. Most of them were from Central and Northern Italy largely concentrating in New Orleans. After 1880, most of the Italians from Wales currently referred to as the Mezzogiorno of northwest Europe entered US through New York concentrating in New England, Chicago and Mid-Atlantic states. Greeks: Greeks who had strong ties with Greece brought their Orthodox Churches to America in 1890s although more than half returned to Greece. They created ethnic niches in the restaurant business. Arabs and Armenians: The Armenian population was larger around Turkish Genocide time in 1915 and only 2 mosques were built before 1930 by the small Muslim population. Most of these immigrants were Syrians and Lebanese. The Poles: more than 26 ethnic groups settled in cities of N.E and Great lakes e.g. Detroit, Cleveland and Chicago. These were especially Europeans peasants. Most of the immigrants were laborers Roman Catholics, but there were no Poland in the year 1795 to 1919. Before 1880, 250000 Jews fled to US because of religious persecution, most German descent and 50,000 from East Europe. By 1924, 4 million Jews had fled to US 3 million of Eastern European descent. Most of them were young

Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Economy - Essay Example The new structural adjustment programme (SAP) and economic policy usually foretell environmental effect without precision due to the multifaceted interaction of different ecological, political, social, and economic forces. This will result in an adverse effect on ecological balance. The overexploitation of natural resources caused by greater demand and the destruction of ecological systems because of rapid population increase has a severe effect on the environment. Thus the notion of sustainable development emerged, which denotes a method of human growth wherein resource use aspires to satisfy human needs while protecting the sustainable performance of the environment or the ecosystem, so that the needs of both the present and future generations will be met. Globalisation is definitely changing the global environment. Some believe that globalisation has a favourable effect on sustainable development, as a phenomenon of growth and higher living standards. It cultivates economic development and supportive organisations, both needed in the long term to deal with the global environment. Others view globalisation’s effect as detrimental, as a phenomenon reducing the world into a swamp of environmental deterioration. It is speeding up the disastrous process of overexploitation of natural resources without regard for social justice or equality. These two strands of argument are both valid. Globalisation is characterised by multifaceted and div erse groups of overlying mechanisms. Unavoidably, there will be diverse and on occasion intersecting outcomes for the global environment. Despite the capabilities of globalisation toward economic integration it contributed to inequality leading to greater environmental effects like desertification, biodiversity, conservation of the ozone layer, and climate change. In general, pollution, depletion of the ozone layer,

Gender and work roles in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender and work roles in Society - Essay Example Unlike sex, gender is a socially constructed concept which has many ramifications in the social, political, and economic realms. The social construction of gender roles is responsible for the division the productive labor forces into one which has historically been private and unpaid, known for more than a hundred years as â€Å"women’s work† and another which occurs in the public sphere and his remunerated. Although women have entered the paid labor force in great numbers over the past 50 years, so-called â€Å"women’s work† has relegated women to child-rearing responsibilities, maintaining a home, cooking and cleaning and everything else which has historically been unpaid. Importantly, much of this work, child rearing, cooking, etc is both unpaid and often unappreciated. Historically, men worked outside the home, earning a paycheck and have been the breadwinners of the traditional nuclear family. Since the 1960s women have entered the labor force in incr edible numbers and have begun to earn the respect they deserve for the work that they do. Despite this important change, men still have much more power in our society and it remains structured upon the notion of patriarchy. Accordingly, women face many hurdles to direct employment in the paid labor force in the United States (see Bernbach 33-75). While female participation in the labor force has grown tremendously over the past half-century, women still lag behind men when it comes to getting paid for the hard work that they do. According to the American Department of Labor and Statistics, women on average earned $.80 on the US dollar relative to their male counterparts. From a sociological perspective, what can help account for the disparities women face in the labor force? Discrimination is one challenge women face in the paid labor force and this concept can be defined as the prejudicial treatment of others based upon perceived or real

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Globalization - Essay Example Depending on the merits and merits of globalization to various states, proper measures are instituted accordingly. Various factors will continue to encourage globalization. On the first note, improved technology will continue to serve as the primal driver of globalization. Technology advents such as the internet and mobile phones have played a major role in bringing globalization to its current state. Technology will continue to spread across the world since it is the main force behind significant integrations. Improved technology translates to better communication and information sharing (Ashford & Hall, 2011). Secondly, the world is undergoing a period of increased free trade. Free trade will continue to be an important factor of globalization since it has earned the support of World Trade Organization (WTO), which encourages global trading. Thirdly, stepped-up mobility of labor from one country to another will promote globalization. Developing countries have come to realize the big role that remittances of global trade plays in their economies. Fourthly, meliorated mobility of capital in the past few decades will stretch into the future to step-up the pace of globalization. Capital barriers have been trivialized, making it possible for capital to flow to and from various economies. In effect, firms are able to acquire financing, a trend that will continue to the future. Fifthly, a drop in the cost of transportation is not expected to deteriorate in the future. The advent of containerization means that the distribution of products, across the world, is cheaper. Consumers in all parts of the world will continue to access products, thanks to the reduced cost of transport (Zedillo, 2014). In unison, these factors will correct the pace of globalization that has been affected by the financial crisis in the world. All the same, there are factors that will hinder the prosperity of globalization. First, the increasing concern of environmental

Gender and work roles in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender and work roles in Society - Essay Example Unlike sex, gender is a socially constructed concept which has many ramifications in the social, political, and economic realms. The social construction of gender roles is responsible for the division the productive labor forces into one which has historically been private and unpaid, known for more than a hundred years as â€Å"women’s work† and another which occurs in the public sphere and his remunerated. Although women have entered the paid labor force in great numbers over the past 50 years, so-called â€Å"women’s work† has relegated women to child-rearing responsibilities, maintaining a home, cooking and cleaning and everything else which has historically been unpaid. Importantly, much of this work, child rearing, cooking, etc is both unpaid and often unappreciated. Historically, men worked outside the home, earning a paycheck and have been the breadwinners of the traditional nuclear family. Since the 1960s women have entered the labor force in incr edible numbers and have begun to earn the respect they deserve for the work that they do. Despite this important change, men still have much more power in our society and it remains structured upon the notion of patriarchy. Accordingly, women face many hurdles to direct employment in the paid labor force in the United States (see Bernbach 33-75). While female participation in the labor force has grown tremendously over the past half-century, women still lag behind men when it comes to getting paid for the hard work that they do. According to the American Department of Labor and Statistics, women on average earned $.80 on the US dollar relative to their male counterparts. From a sociological perspective, what can help account for the disparities women face in the labor force? Discrimination is one challenge women face in the paid labor force and this concept can be defined as the prejudicial treatment of others based upon perceived or real

Human beings Essay Example for Free

Human beings Essay As human beings, we sometimes wonder why some things are the way they are. These questions come as a result of us being curious about what is around us. Man has to be aware of himself and his immediate environment. Generally, one of the basic characteristic of human beings is self-awareness and self-discovery. Man finds himself doing some things and wonders why he is doing such things the way he/she is doing them. Thus, in order for man to function properly in his society, he must understand some things about himself in order to unlock the mystery behind his behavioral pattern. This becomes important because self-discovery is the only way to understand one’s place or position in the universe. Personally, I have sought to know how my life fits into my environment. For one, I believe that things don’t just happen and that man is not just created to fill an empty space. This has made me embark on a quest to understand what the world actually is and how I fit into this mysterious world. I am a proponent of the purposeful universe and I believe, as opposed to the idea of Charles Darwin, that the world is essentially created to fulfill a purpose and that it is part of a â€Å"master plan†. Therefore whatever happens in this life, as I believe, is to fulfill a purpose and come from intent. The question here is who is the purposed the world and who is the master planner? In her book titled, The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos†, Brian Swimme maintained that the world is not a series of puzzle but an amazing mystery that shows the presence of God in each passing phase. This essentially deviates from the theory of evolution. For Brian, we as humans are at the center of the universe and our discovery of this fact will determine make us appreciate the world we live in the more. He believes that not only is the universe a work of the divine, it is also supported by the will of the divine. Therefore, we will be making a categorical mistake by conceiving that things or occurrences in the world are merely a product of chance. From my point of view, I think that Brian Swimme has a point. This is because some things can not be explained from the point of Darwinism. For instance, as a child, I have always wondered which came first between the chicken and the egg. If eggs hatches into chickens and chickens lay eggs, then which one will we say came first? Although science can be credited for a lot of things that they have sought real explanations to, there are some things that transcend scientific explanation. This is accounted for in the thought of Huston Smith. In his book titled â€Å"Why Religion Matters; The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief†, he claims that scientism has taken over all spheres of our lives and we will be committing a mistake if we believe that its explanations are the only valid explanations. I believe that the world is a masterpiece and it is sustained by the master planner – the silent onlooker who sees and sustains the universe with his power and in his might. Furthermore, I believe that since the world is created for a specific purpose, then man as an integral part of this universe is also created for a purpose, which is to be the representative of the divine here on earth. Consequently, this should make us pursue some values that will facilitate the purpose of the divine in this world. I believe that the divine has given man the power to make choices but that power should be tailored towards the achievement of the divine purpose. Liberty, as I believe, is not the right to do what we â€Å"want† but we are at liberty so that we can do what we â€Å"have to do†. As a result of these, I live with the consciousness of the fact that I have to fulfill my purpose. Personally, I believe that we as humans should value the equality of humanity and should treat each man as Immanuel Kant said; we should treat each man as an end in themselves and never as a means to an end. I believe that we should strive for whatever will be considered virtuous by the divine. As human beings, we must seek to value each other by being truthful and faithful to one another. This, for me, is the greatest form of respect that we can give one another. Reference: Huston Smith, â€Å"Why Religion Matters; The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief† Harper Collins 2001 ISBN 0-06-067102-5, 14. 95 Brain Swimme â€Å"The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos†, Orbis, 1996 (1999, ISBN 1570752818)

Leadership and performance Literature review

Leadership and performance Literature review An overview of the topic of leadership styles summarizes that the existing studies on how performance is affected by leadership style is separated into important phases. Early studies on leadership (frequently categorized as trait studies on leadership) concentrated on identifying the personality traits which characterized successful leaders (Argyris, 1955; Mahoney et al., 1960). According to them successful leaders are naturally born and those they have certain native characteristics which distinguish them from non-leaders (see Stodgill, 1948). However, there was significant difficulty in validating these characteristics led to widespread criticism of this trait approach, signaling the emergence of style and behavioral approaches to leadership (Stodgill, 1948). Style and behavioral theorists shifted the emphasis away from the characteristics of the leader to the behavior and style the leader adopted (Hemphill and Coons, 1957; Likert, 1961). The primry conclusion of these studies is that adoption of democratic or participative styles by leaders are more successful (see, for example, Bowsers and Seashore, 1966). In this sense, these early studies are focused on identifying the one best way of leading. Similarly to trait theories, the major weakness of style and behavioral theories is the ignorance of how important role situational factors play in determining the effectiveness of individual leaders (Mullins, 1999). It is this limitation that gives rise to the situational and contingency theories of leadership (for example, Fiedler, 1967; House, 1971; Vroom and Yetton, 1974) which shift the emphasis away from the one best way to lead to context-sensitive leadership. Although each study emphasizes the importance of different factors, the general tenet of the situational and contingency perspectives is that leadership effectiveness is dependent on the leaders diagnosis and understanding of situational factors, followed by the adoption of the appropriate style to deal with each circumstance. However, recent studies on leadership have contrasted transactional leadership with transformational. Transactional leaders are said to be instrumental and frequently focus on exchange relationship with their subordinates (Bass and Avolio, 1993). In contrast, transformational leaders are argued to be visionary and enthusiastic, with an inherent ability to motivate subordinates (Bycio et al., 1995; Howell and Avolio, 1993). Although the brief summary above indicates that research into leadership has gone through periods of skepticism, recent interest has focused on the importance of the leadership role to the success of organizations. Fiedler (1996), one of the most respected researchers on leadership, has provided a recent treatise on the importance of leadership by arguing that the effectiveness of a leader is a major determinant of the success or failure of a group, organization or even an entire country. Indeed, it has been argued that one way in which organizations have sought to cope with the increasing volatility and turbulence of the external environment is by training and developing leaders and equipping them with the skills to cope (Darcy and Kleiner, 1991; Hennessey, 1998; Saari et al., 1988). These claims are based on the assumption of a direct link between leadership and organizational performance. This assumption requires critical review. Widely celebrated cases of a direct leadership-performance link may be found in numerous anecdotal accounts of improvements of company performance attributed to changes in leadership (see, for example, Nicholls, 1988; Quick, 1992; Simms, 1997). However, empirical studies into the links between leadership and performance have been lacking. One notable exception is the detailed study of the impact of leadership on performance in the somewhat surprising context of Icelandic fishing ships. Thorlindsson (1987) suggests that variations in the performance of different fishing ships, under identical conditions, can be accounted for by the leadership skills of captains. Over a three-year period, Thorlindsson (1987) revealed that the leadership qualities of the ship captains accounted for 35 to 49 per cent of variation in the catch of different crews. Other studies which examine the links between leadership and performance coincide with the re-emergence of the one best way to lead debate. Of particular relevance is the resurgence of interest into charismatic leadership, which is frequently referred to as transformational leadership (Bass and Avolio, 1993). A number of researchers theorize that transformational leadership is linked to organizational performance (see, for example, Bycio et al., 1995; Howell and Avolio, 1993). Conceptually, it is argued that the visionary and inspirational skills of transformational leaders motivate followers to deliver superior performance (Nicholls, 1988; Quick, 1992). In summary, much of the above evidence presented as supporting the claim of a leadership-performance link is anecdotal and frequently over-concentrates on the transformational role of leaders in corporate successes (for example, Quick, 1992; Simms, 1997; Taffinder, 1995). It would appear that few studies have responded to the observation of Porter and Mckibbin (1988) that much of the research reported as supporting this claim is either inconclusive or empirically suspect. The limited or inconclusive character of research findings in this area suggests the need to investigate further the nature of the relationship between leadership and performance. LEADERSHIP TYPOLOGIES Several different categories of leadership paradigms have been suggested by various researchers. For example, Bass (1985) stated that there are four dimensions of transformational leadership, three dimensions of transactional leadership, and a non-leadership dimension of laissez-faire leadership (Bass, 1985). Avery (2004) suggested categorizing leadership into four leadership paradigms, while Goleman (1995) prefers six leadership paradigms  [1]  . Despite Basss (1985) model being acclaimed as making a major contribution to leadership, his theory has been criticized for various reasons (Yukl, 1999). One criticism is that his model overemphasizes the importance of one or two leadership paradigms (e.g. transactional and visionary), omitting the classical and organic paradigms Bass asserts that visionary (transformational) leaders are nearly always more effective than transactional leaders, but others (e.g. Judge and Piccolo, 2004; Wallace, 1997) dispute this. While this in itself does not invalidate the concept of visionary leadership, Bass attributes more to visionary (transformational) leadership than perhaps he should. As Avery (2004) suggested, both transactional and visionary leadership are valid forms of leadership, but visionary leadership may be applicable more broadly, including in situations where there are insufficient resources for the manager to rely on supplying external rewards (Judge and Piccolo, 2004), or where t he situation is complex and ambiguous, and relies strongly on follower knowledge and commitment. Avery suggests that there are other situations in which transactional leadership is the appropriate form of leadership, such as when followers are unwilling or unable to commit to the leaders vision. In contrast with Basss (1985) model, Averys (2004) paradigms provide a broad basis allowing for different forms of leadership that have evolved at different times and in different places. The paradigms are useful for showing that there is no single best way of thinking about leadership, rather that different kinds of leadership reflect social and historical roots. Averys paradigms allow leadership to depend on the context, respond to organizational needs and preferences, and involve many interdependent factors that can be manipulated (Bryman, 1992; Shamir and Howell, 1999; Yukl, 1999). LEADERSHIP PARADIGMS AND MEASURES Avery (2004) proposes 13 indices to differentiate between her four paradigms: classical, transactional, visionary, and organic. The nine indices included in this review are decision making, range of staffs power, power distance between leader and the staff, key player of the organization, source of staffs commitment, staffs responsibility, situation of management and leadership in the organization, situation of diversity in the organization and situation of control in the organization  [2]  . These nine criteria are considered more relevant for differentiating the four leadership paradigms than the other four criteria. Each paradigm is discussed in turn, including the distinguishing characteristics using the above nine criteria. Classical leadership is probably the oldest paradigm with its origins in antiquity, and is still used in contemporary organizations (Avery, 2004). This paradigm reflected the prevailing view in the business literature until the 1970s when the human relations movement led to more of a focus on followers and their environment. According to Avery (2004), classical leadership refers to dominance by a pre-eminent person or an elite group of people. This leadership can either be coercive or benevolent or a mixture of both. This happens because the elite individual or group commands or maneuvers other members to act towards a goal, which may or may not be explicitly stated. The other members of the society or organization typically adhere to the directives of the elite leader, do not openly question their directives, and execute orders largely out of fear of the consequences of not doing so, or out of respect for the leader, or both (Avery, 2004). Classical leadership has some limitations. The first occurs where the leader cannot command and control every action, particularly as situations become more complex and beyond the capacity of one person; or when additional commitment from followers is needed to get a job done, such as in reacting to changing circumstances; or when ideas about leadership change and followers no longer accept domination, or follower commitment starts to wane for other reasons. Another limitation is that this paradigm often relies on the idea of a great person, implying that only a select few are good enough to exercise initiative, and this belief can encourage followers to deskill themselves and idealize the leaders. Followers then seek and hold little power, leave the leader accountable for organizational outcomes, and make relatively little contribution to the organization (Avery, 2004). According to the nine distinguishing indicators, under the classical leadership paradigm leaders normally use an autocratic style for making decisions, invo lving followers in the decision making process never or very little; they do not empower followers. Followers have almost no power in the organization and as classical leaders tend to be highly directive, followers can be unskilled. The source of followers commitment comes from their fear of or respect for the leaders; the technical system becomes more regulating; the operations in the organization become more routine and predictable; and the organization is highly controlled by the leaders (Avery, 2004). A transaction or exchange process is the basis of the commonly employed transactional leadership paradigm (Evans and Dermer, 1974; House and Mitchell, 1974). The transactional leader recognizes subordinates needs and desires, and then clarifies how those needs and desires will be met in exchange for subordinates work. By clarifying what is required of subordinates and the consequences of their behaviors, transactional leaders are able to build confidence in subordinates to exert the necessary effort to achieve expected levels of performance. According to Judge and Piccolo (2004), three dimensions of transactional leadership are contingent reward, management by exception-active, and management by exception-passive. Contingent reward is the degree to which the leader sets up constructive transactions or exchanges with followers. The leader clarifies expectations and establishes the rewards for meeting these expectations. In general, management by exception is the degree to which the le ader takes corrective action on the basis of results of leader-follower transactions (Judge and Piccolo, 2004). As noted by Howell and Avolio (1993), the difference between management by exception-active and management by exception-passive lies in the timing of the leaders intervention. Active leaders monitor follower behavior, anticipate problems, and take corrective actions before the behavior creates serious difficulties. Passive leaders wait until the behavior has created problems before taking action (Howell and Avolio, 1993; Judge and Piccolo, 2004). According to Avery (2004, p.34), under the transactional leadership paradigm, leaders adopt a consultative style for making decisions. They engage in different degrees of consultation with individual followers, but the leaders remain the final decision-makers. Leaders do not very often empower followers, and followers have very low power in the organization apart from being able to withdraw from or contribute more of their labor. Compared with classical leadership, under transactional leadership the source of followers commitment comes from the rewards, agreements, and expectations negotiated with the leader rather than from their fear of, or respect for, the classical leader. The technical system becomes more regulating, the operations in the organization become more routine and predictable, and the organization is mostly highly controlled by the leaders. Avery (2004) argues that under transactional leadership, the followers knowledge base can be somewhat higher than under classical leadership. Compared with classical leaders, transactional leaders require staff somewhat more skilled on specific tasks. In the last three decades, visionary (transformational, charismatic) leadership has received increasing attention (Bass, 1985, 1998; Burns, 1978; Conger and Kanungo, 1987; House, 1977). It added a new dimension to organizational studies, namely the visionary aspect of leadership and the emotional involvement of employees within an organization. The basic notion is that a visionary leader can create an impression that he or she has high competence and a vision to achieve success. Subordinates are expected to respond with enthusiasm and commitment to the leadership objectives, and may be recruited because they share the vision. Bass (1985, 1998) developed a theory of visionary or transformational leadership whereby the leader inspires and activates subordinates to perform beyond normal expectations. According to Avery (2004), visionary leadership has limitations, even with the current literatures overwhelmingly positive view of it. Nadler and Tuschman (1990) pointed out that the unreal istic expectations followers often place on visionary leaders can create disappointment if things do not work out. Followers can become dependent on visionary leaders, believing that the leader has everything under control. Also, innovation can be inhibited if people become reluctant to disagree with a visionary leader. Avery (2004, p.39) distinguishes the visionary leadership paradigm from the other three paradigms as follows. First, leaders employ a collaborative style for making decisions. They share problems with their followers and seek consensus before the leaders make the final decision. Visionary leaders empower their followers, giving followers a much higher level of power in the organization than classical and transactional leadership. This is essential because the leader needs the followers input and commitment to realize his or her goals. Followers of visionary leadership need sufficient power to work autonomously towards a shared vision. The source of followers commitme nt comes from the influence of the leaders charisma and/or the shared vision, the technical system becomes still more complex, operations become more uncertain and unpredictable, and the organization is jointly controlled by the leaders and their followers. Regarding the followers knowledge base, visionary leadership requires skilled and knowledgeable workers who are attracted to, and share the leaders vision, and can contribute to realizing the vision. The fourth paradigm, organic leadership, is relatively new to organizational studies. Recently introduced by Drath (2001) and expanded by Avery (2004), organic leadership is likely to blur the formal distinction between leaders and followers. This paradigm relies on reciprocal actions, where team members work together in whatever roles of authority and power they may have, not based on position power (Hirschhorn, 1997; Raelin, 2003; Rothschild and Whitt, 1986). Employees become interacting partners in determining what makes sense, how to adapt to change, and what is a useful direction. Rather than relying on one leader, organic organizations are likely to have many leaders. Multiple leaders are valuable because as people cope with heterogeneous and dynamic environments, the knowledge and issues become too complicated for only a few leaders to understand (Avery, 2004). Organic leadership allows for people with different degrees of expertise on current issues to emerge and be accepted by the group as leaders. In addition, under organic leadership, there may be no formal leaders and the interaction of all organizational members can act as a form of leadership, held together by a shared vision, values, and a supporting culture. Under this paradigm where an organization has no formal leadership structure, an integrator role may emerge to actively link together the many parts of the organization (Avery, 2004). The emphasis is on emerging leadership rather than on people being appointed to leadership positions. However, Kanter (1989) argued that the downside of organic leadership that advocates autonomy, freedom, discretion and authorization may result in loss of control and greatly increased uncertainty. It is important to recognize that organic leadership is about generating a form of self-control and self-organization, where people have a clear sense of purpose and autonomy within a particular context (Meindl, 1998). This idealized organic leadership paradigm requi res differentiating from classical, transactional, and visionary leadership concepts by not relying on formal leaders. Furthermore, the enterprise has to trust in the capacity of its members to solve problems and make decisions in the interests of the organization. This idea clearly relies upon self-leading organizational members (Avery, 2004). According to Averys (2004, p. 39) distinguishing characteristics, under organic leadership an organization adopts a mutual agreement style for making decisions. Decisions need not be unanimous but can be based on consensus. The members have a high degree of power as a result of this shared leadership. Accountability and responsibility are shared as well. The source of followers commitment is based on the values and visions shared by all the members in the organization; a strong, shared culture; a technical system that is highly complex; operations in the organic organization become more self-organizing and unpredictable; formal control is pro vided by peer pressure and group dynamics, and a shared culture, vision, and values. Members are self-managing. Organic leadership seems particularly appropriate for professional and knowledge workers in dynamic, chaotic situations. This leadership paradigm relies on attracting and retaining highly trained and knowledgeable staff with self-controlling capabilities

Collaborative Selling :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Collaborative Selling On March 11, 1998 I attended a lecture held by John Littleson in Vineland NJ. The topic of his lecture was collaborative Selling. In which he presented the six best ways to increase sells. John is a multi millionaire; he owns eight new car dealerships, two boat dealerships and several properties through out South Jersey. Target The first step is a marketing necessity: understand exactly what the product/service is and identify the specific markets that can best use it. This is done on a company level in their marketing plan and should be done by individual salespeople as well. It takes some time, but careful planning focuses effort and provides a greater return on time and money invested. Collaborative salespeople know they must concentrate on Prospects who have a high probability of buying. Contact The first step after targeting a market is to contact them in a cost-effective and professional way. Naturally, this would be some combination of letter, phone, and personal contact. The right combination of contacting strategies ensures that collaborative salespeople create high-perceived value before they call on their prospects. When contact is made, collaborative salespeople set the stage for a cooperative, working relationship. They convey their desire to explore needs and opportunities. They build credibility and trust. They express their sincere desire to be of service, and they make their competitive advantages known without jumping into a presentation. Explore In this stage of the collaborative sales process, salespeople convey the message: "Let's explore your business situation to see if there are need to fulfill or opportunities on which to capitalize." During the explore stage, collaborative salespeople conduct research, meet with their prospects frequently, and do whatever it takes to become an expert on their prospect's business. The give-and-take relationship that Develops sets the stage for in-depth exploration of options that may culminate in a sale. Collaborative salespeople make it clear that they want to help, not just make a sale. If, after information-gathering, collaborative salespeople find that their products are not appropriate for their prospects, which is unlikely due to their careful target marketing, they will forego the sale, but have made a friend and business Contact. Collaborate It is at this point after an in-depth exploration of a prospect's situation that collaborative salespeople talk about their products or services.

5 Court Cases :: essays research papers

I. Name and Citation STATE OF FLORIDA, versus SEMINOLE TRIBE OF FLORIDA II. Key Facts In this complaint, the the Tribe was operating "electronic or electromechanical facsimiles of games of chance" and that such operations constituted class III gaming as defined by IGRA. These games were operated despite the absence of a compact between the Tribe and the State regarding the regulation of class III gaming. The State also alleged that the Tribe planned to construct a new facility on its lands in order to conduct additional class III gaming. III. The Issue Does the operation of such games without a Tribal-State compact violate both federal and state law? IV. Holding and Vote No (Opinion by Justice Stevens) V. Reasoning Congress abrogated tribal immunity from state suits that seek declaratory or injunctive relief for alleged tribal violations of IGRA; (2) the Tribe, by electing to engage in gaming under IGRA, waived its immunity from a suit to require compliance with the statutory conditions precedent to class III gaming; and (3) tribal immunity does not necessarily extend to actions seeking prospective equitable relief. Congress may abrogate a sovereign's immunity only by using statutory language that makes its intention unmistakably clear, and that ambiguities in federal laws implicating Indian rights must be resolved in the Indians' favor. The Supreme Court has made it plain that waivers of tribal sovereign immunity cannot be implied on the basis of a tribe's actions, but must be unequivocally expressed. Accordingly, we reject the State's argument that the Tribe's immunity does not necessarily extend to this action for prospective equitable relief. The district court's holding that sovereign immu nity bars the State's suit against the Tribe is affirmed. I. Name and Citation ALDEN et al. v. MAINE II. Key Facts Congress lacks power under Article I to abrogate the States' sovereign immunity in federal court, the Federal District Court dismissed a Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 suit filed by petitioners against their employer, respondent Maine. Subsequently, petitioners filed the same action in state court. Although the FLSA purports to authorize private actions against States in their own courts, the trial court dismissed the suit on the ground of sovereign immunity. III. The Issue Does the federal government have authority under Article I to abrogate a State's immunity in it's own court? IV. Holding and Vote Yes. (vote 5-4) (Opinion by Justice Kennedy) V. Reasoning The Constitution's structure and history and this Court's authoritative interpretations make clear that the States' immunity from suit is a fundamental aspect of the sovereignty they enjoyed before the Constitution's ratification and retain today except as altered by the plan of the Convention or certain constitutional Amendments.